#who is father of soil Mechanics?
Karl Terzaghi
Between 1925 and 1929, Terzaghi was at M.I.T. initiating the first U.S. program in soil mechanics and causing soil mechanics to be widely recognised as an important discipline in civil engineering.
Karl Terzaghi had a right to lay down the rules—he had invented and established much of the groundwork. Terzaghi (1883-1963) is one of the leading civil engineers of the 20th century and is widely known as the father of soil mechanics.
Foundation
◼️ What is foundation?
Foundation is the lowest portion of a structure which transmits the load into the supporting soil. The main purpose of the foundation is to distribute the total weight of the superstructure over a large area of soil.
◼️ Building mainly divided into two major components:
1. Superstructure.
2. Substructure.
◼️Superstructure:
A part of structure lying above the ground surface is called superstructure.
◼️Substructure:
A part of structure laying below the ground level is called substructure. The supporting part of a structure; the foundation.
◼️ Types of foundation:
Foundation can be classified into two general category:
1. Shallow foundation.
2. Deep foundation.
◼️ Shallow foundation:
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation in which the foundation situated instantly below the lowest part of a structure.
The depth of foundation is equal to or less than its width.
d ≤ b = shallow foundation
Where, d = depth,
b = width
◼️ Classification of shallow foundation:
1. Spread Footing.
2. Combined Footing.
3. Mat or Raft Foundation.
1. Spread Footing:
Spread Footing consists of a wide base of foundation for transmitting the load to the soil over a wider area.
2. Combined Footing:
Combined Footing consists of a common footing provided to two columns which may be either rectangular or trapezoidal.
3. Raft Foundation:
Raft Foundation consists of dense reinforced concrete slab which covers the total bottom area of the structure. It is provided in the soil with low bearing capacity where structural loads are heavy.
◼️Deep foundation:
A deep foundation is a type of foundation in which the foundation is placed at a deeper depth below the ground level.
The depth of foundation is much greater than its width.
d > b = deep foundation
Where, d = depth,
b = width
◼️Deep foundation can be further classified into three categories:
1. Pile foundation.
2. Cofferdams.
3. Caisson foundation.
1. Pile foundation:
Pile foundation is a type of foundation where a slender member of wood or concrete or steel is inserted into the ground for transferring the load of a structure. The load is transferred to a stronger stratum friction.
◼️ Classification of pile foundation:
Classification based on function:
1. Bearing piles.
2. Friction piles.
3. Sheet piles.
4. Anchor piles.
5. Batter piles.
6. Fender piles.
7. Compaction piles.
Classification based on material.
1. Timber piles.
2. Concrete piles.
3. Steel piles.
◼️ Cofferdams:
A cofferdam is a temporary structure which excludes the water from a given site to enable the construction on a dry surface.
◼️ Classification of Cofferdams based on material:
1. Earthen Cofferdams.
2. Rock - fill Cofferdams.
3. Single - walled Cofferdams.
4. Double walled Cofferdams.
5. Crib Cofferdams.
6. Cellular Cofferdams.
◼️ Caisson foundation:
Caisson foundation is a watertight structure made of wood, steel or reinforced concrete which excavates for the foundation of bridge, piers etc.
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